A review of genus-group names for darkling beetles in the family Tenebrionidae (Insecta: Coleoptera) is presented. A catalogue of 4122 nomenclaturally available genus-group names, representing 2307 valid genera (33 of which are extinct) and 761 valid subgenera, is given. For each name the author, date, page number, gender, type species, type fixation, current status, and first synonymy (when the name is a synonym) are provided. Genus-group names in this family are also recorded in a classification framework, along with data on the distribution of valid genera and subgenera within major biogeographical realms. A list of 535 unavailable genus-group names (e.g., incorrect subsequent spellings) is included. Notes on the date of publication of references cited herein are given, when known. The following genera and subgenera are made available for the first time: Anemiadena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Cheirodes Gené, 1839), Armigena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nesogena Mäklin, 1863), Debeauxiella Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Hyperops Eschscholtz, 1831), Hyperopsis Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Hyperops Eschscholtz, 1831), Linio Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nilio Latreille, 1802), Matthewsotys Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Neosolenopistoma Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Eurynotus W. Kirby, 1819), Paragena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Nesogena Mäklin, 1863), Paulianaria Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Phyllechus Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Prorhytinota Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rhytinota Eschscholtz, 1831), Pseudorozonia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rozonia Fairmaire, 1888), Pseudothinobatis Bouchard & Bousquet, gen. nov. , Rhytinopsis Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Thalpophilodes Strand, 1942), Rhytistena Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Rhytinota Eschscholtz, 1831), Spinosdara Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Osdara Walker, 1858), Spongesmia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Adesmia Fischer, 1822), and Zambesmia Bouchard & Bousquet, subgen. nov. (in Adesmia Fischer, 1822). The names Adeps Gistel, 1857 and Adepsion Strand, 1917 syn. nov. [= Tetraphyllus Laporte & Brullé, 1831], Asyrmatus Canzoneri, 1959 syn. nov. [= Pystelops Gozis, 1910], Euzadenos Koch, 1956 syn. nov. [= Selenepistoma Dejean, 1834], Gondwanodilamus Kaszab, 1969 syn. nov. [= Conibius J.L. LeConte, 1851], Gyrinodes Fauvel, 1897 syn. nov. [= Nesotes Allard, 1876], Helopondrus Reitter, 1922 syn. nov. [= Horistelops Gozis, 1910], Hybonotus Dejean, 1834 syn. nov. [= Damatris Laporte, 1840], Iphthimera Reitter, 1916 syn. nov. [= Metriopus Solier, 1835], Lagriomima Pic, 1950 syn. nov. [= Neogria Borchmann, 1911], Orphelops Gozis, 1910 syn. nov. [= Nalassus Mulsant, 1854], Phymatium Billberg, 1820 syn. nov. [= Cryptochile Latreille, 1828], Prosoblapsia Skopin & Kaszab, 1978 syn. nov. [= Genoblaps Bauer, 1921], and Pseudopimelia Gebler, 1859 syn. nov. [= Lasiostola Dejean, 1834] are established as new synonyms (valid names in square brackets). Anachayus Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Chatanayus Ardoin, 1957, Genateropa Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Apterogena Ardoin, 1962, Hemipristula Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Hemipristis Kolbe, 1903, Kochotella Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Millotella Koch, 1962, Medvedevoblaps Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. as a replacement name for Protoblaps G.S. Medvedev, 1998, and Subpterocoma Bouchard & Bousquet, nom. nov. is proposed as a replacement name for Pseudopimelia Motschulsky, 1860. Neoeutrapela Bousquet & Bouchard, 2013 is downgraded to a subgenus ( stat. nov. ) of Impressosora Pic, 1952. Anchomma J.L. LeConte, 1858 is placed in Stenosini: Dichillina (previously in Pimeliinae: Anepsiini); Entypodera Gerstaecker, 1871, Impressosora Pic, 1952 and Xanthalia Fairmaire, 1894 are placed in Lagriinae: Lagriini: Statirina (previously in Lagriinae: Lagriini: Lagriina); Loxostethus Triplehorn, 1962 is placed in Diaperinae: Diaperini: Diaperina (previously in Diaperinae: Diaperini: Adelinina); Periphanodes Gebien, 1943 is placed in Stenochiinae: Cnodalonini (previously in Tenebrioninae: Helopini); Zadenos Laporte, 1840 is downgraded to a subgenus ( stat. nov. ) of the older name Selenepistoma Dejean, 1834. The type species [placed in square brackets] of the following available genus-group names are designated for the first time: Allostrongylium Kolbe, 1896 [ Allostrongylium silvestre Kolbe, 1896], Auristira Borchmann, 1916 [ Auristira octocostata Borchmann, 1916], Blapidocampsia Pic, 1919 [ Campsia pallidipes Pic, 1918], Cerostena Solier, 1836 [ Cerostena deplanata Solier, 1836], Coracostira Fairmaire, 1899 [ Coracostira armipes Fairmaire, 1899], Dischidus Kolbe, 1886 [ Helops sinuatus Fabricius, 1801], Eccoptostoma Gebien, 1913 [ Taraxides ruficrus Fairmaire, 1894], Ellaemus Pascoe, 1866 [ Emcephalus submaculatus Brême, 1842], Epeurycaulus Kolbe, 1902 [ Epeurycaulus aldabricus Kolbe, 1902], Euschatia Solier, 1851 [ Euschatia proxima Solier, 1851], Heliocaes Bedel, 1906 [ Blaps emarginata Fabricius, 1792], Hemipristis Kolbe, 1903 [ Hemipristis ukamia Kolbe, 1903], Iphthimera Reitter, 1916 [ Stenocara ruficornis Solier, 1835], Isopedus Stein, 1877 [ Helops tenebrioides Germar, 1813], Malacova Fairmaire, 1898 [ Malacova bicolor Fairmaire, 1898], Modicodisema Pic, 1917 [ Disema subopaca Pic, 1912], Peltadesmia Kuntzen, 1916 [ Metriopus platynotus Gerstaecker, 1854], Phymatium Billberg, 1820 [ Pimelia maculata Fabricius, 1781], Podoces Péringuey, 1886 [ Podoces granosula Péringuey, 1886], Pseuduroplatopsis Pic, 1913 [ Borchmannia javana Pic, 1913], Pteraulus Solier, 1848 [ Pteraulus sulcatipennis Solier, 1848], Sciaca Solier, 1835 [ Hylithus disctinctus Solier, 1835], Sterces Champion, 1891 [ Sterces violaceipennis Champion, 1891] and Teremenes Carter, 1914 [ Tenebrio longipennis Hope, 1843]. Evidence suggests that some type species were misidentified. In these instances, information on the misidentification is provided and, in the following cases, the taxonomic species actually involved is fixed as the type species [placed in square brackets] following requirements in Article 70.3 of the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature: Accanthopus Dejean, 1821 [ Tenebrio velikensis Piller & Mitterpacher, 1783], Becvaramarygmus Masumoto, 1999 [ Dietysus nodicornis Gravely, 1915], Heterophaga Dejean, 1834 [ Opatrum laevigatum Fabricius, 1781], Laena Dejean, 1821, [ Scaurus viennensis Sturm, 1807], Margus Dejean, 1834 [ Colydium castaneum Herbst, 1797], Pachycera Eschscholtz, 1831 [ Tenebrio buprestoides Fabricius, 1781], Saragus Erichson, 1842 [ Celibe costata Solier, 1848], Stene Stephens, 1829 [ Colydium castaneum Herbst, 1797], Stenosis Herbst, 1799 [ Tagenia intermedia Solier, 1838] and Tentyriopsis Gebien, 1928 [ Tentyriopsis pertyi Gebien, 1940]. The following First Reviser actions are proposed to fix the precedence of names or nomenclatural acts (rejected name or act in square brackets): Stenosis ciliaris Gebien, 1920 as the type species for Afronosis G.S. Medvedev, 1995 [ Stenosis leontjevi G.S. Medvedev, 1995], Alienoplonyx Bremer, 2019 [ Alienolonyx ], Amblypteraca Mas-Peinado, Buckley, Ruiz & García-París, 2018 [ Amplypteraca ], Caenocrypticoides Kaszab, 1969 [ Caenocripticoides ], Deriles Motschulsky, 1872 [ Derilis ], Eccoptostira Borchmann, 1936 [ Ecoptostira ], † Eodromus Haupt, 1950 [† Edromus ], Eutelus Solier, 1843 [ Lutelus ], Euthriptera Reitter, 1893 [ Enthriptera ], Meglyphus Motschulsky, 1872 [ Megliphus ], Microtelopsis Koch, 1940 [ Extetranosis Koch, 1940, Hypermicrotelopsis Koch, 1940], Neandrosus Pic, 1921 [ Neoandrosus ], Nodosogylium Pic, 1951 [ Nodosogilium ], Notiolesthus Motschulsky, 1872 [ Notiolosthus ], Pseudeucyrtus Pic, 1916 [ Pseudocyrtus ], Pseudotrichoplatyscelis Kaszab, 1960 [ Pseudotrichoplatynoscelis and Pseudotrichoplatycelis ], Rhydimorpha Koch, 1943 [ Rhytimorpha ], Rhophobas Motschulsky, 1872 [ Rophobas ], Rhyssochiton Gray, 1831 [ Ryssocheton and Ryssochiton ], Sphaerotidius Kaszab, 1941 [ Spaerotidius ], Stira Agassiz, 1846 (Mollusca) [ Stira Agassiz, 1846 (Coleoptera)], Sulpiusoma Ferrer, 2006 [ Sulpiosoma ] and Taenobates Motschulsky, 1872 [ Taeniobates ]. Supporting evidence is provided for the conservation of usage of Cyphaleus Westwood, 1841 nomen protectum over Chrysobalus Boisduval, 1835 nomen oblitum.

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The rust fungi ( Pucciniales ) with 7000+ species comprise one of the largest orders of Fungi , and one for which taxonomy at all ranks remains problematic. Here we provide a taxonomic framework, based on 16 years of sampling that includes ca . 80 % of accepted genera including type species wherever possible, and three DNA loci used to resolve the deeper nodes of the rust fungus tree of life. Pucciniales are comprised of seven suborders - Araucariomycetineae subord. nov., Melampsorineae , Mikronegeriineae , Raveneliineae subord. nov., Rogerpetersoniineae subord. nov. , Skierkineae subord. nov ., and Uredinineae - and 18 families - Araucariomycetaceae fam. nov ., Coleosporiaceae , Crossopsoraceae fam. nov., Gymnosporangiaceae, Melampsoraceae , Milesinaceae fam. nov ., Ochropsoraceae fam. & stat. nov ., Phakopsoraceae , Phragmidiaceae , Pileolariaceae , Pucciniaceae, Pucciniastraceae , Raveneliaceae , Rogerpetersoniaceae fam. nov ., Skierkaceae fam. & stat. nov ., Sphaerophragmiaceae , Tranzscheliaceae fam. & stat. nov ., and Zaghouaniaceae . The new genera Araucariomyces (for Aecidium fragiforme and Ae. balansae ) , Neoolivea (for Olivea tectonae ), Rogerpetersonia (for Caeoma torreyae ), and Rossmanomyces (for Chrysomyxa monesis, Ch. pryrolae, and Ch. ramischiae ) are proposed. Twenty-one new combinations and one new name are introduced for: Angiopsora apoda , Angiopsora chusqueae, Angiopsora paspalicola , Araucariomyces balansae, Araucariomyces fragiformis, Cephalotelium evansii, Cephalotelium neocaledoniense, Cephalotelium xanthophloeae, Ceropsora weirii, Gymnotelium speciosum, Lipocystis acaciae-pennatulae , Neoolivea tectonae, Neophysopella kraunhiae, Phakopsora pipturi, Rogerpetersonia torreyae, Rossmanomyces monesis, Rossmanomyces pryrolae, Rossmanomyces ramischiae, Thekopsora americana, Thekopsora potentillae, Thekopsora pseudoagrimoniae, and Zaghouania notelaeae. Higher ranks are newly defined with consideration of morphology, host range and life cycle. Finally, we discuss the evolutionary and diversification trends within Pucciniales . Citation: Aime MC, McTaggart AR (2020). A higher-rank classification for rust fungi, with notes on genera. Fungal Systematics and Evolution 7: 21-47. doi: 10.3114/fuse.2021.07.02.

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Global biodiversity is affected by numerous environmental drivers. Yet, the extent to which global environmental changes contribute to changes in local diversity is poorly understood. We investigated biodiversity changes in a meta-analysis of 39 resurvey studies in European temperate forests (3988 vegetation records in total, 17-75 years between the two surveys) by assessing the importance of (i) coarse-resolution (i.e., among sites) vs. fine-resolution (i.e., within sites) environmental differences and (ii) changing environmental conditions between surveys. Our results clarify the mechanisms underlying the direction and magnitude of local-scale biodiversity changes. While not detecting any net local diversity loss, we observed considerable among-site variation, partly explained by temporal changes in light availability (a local driver) and density of large herbivores (a regional driver). Furthermore, strong evidence was found that presurvey levels of nitrogen deposition determined subsequent diversity changes. We conclude that models forecasting future biodiversity changes should consider coarse-resolution environmental changes, account for differences in baseline environmental conditions and for local changes in fine-resolution environmental conditions.

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Although consensus has now been reached on a general two-locus DNA barcode for land plants, the selected combination of markers (rbcL + matK) is not applicable for ferns at the moment. Yet especially for ferns, DNA barcoding is potentially of great value since fern gametophytes--while playing an essential role in fern colonization and reproduction--generally lack the morphological complexity for morphology-based identification and have therefore been underappreciated in ecological studies. We evaluated the potential of a combination of rbcL with a noncoding plastid marker, trnL-F, to obtain DNA-identifications for fern species. A regional approach was adopted, by creating a reference database of trusted rbcL and trnL-F sequences for the wild-occurring homosporous ferns of NW-Europe. A combination of parsimony analyses and distance-based analyses was performed to evaluate the discriminatory power of the two-region barcode. DNA was successfully extracted from 86 tiny fern gametophytes and was used as a test case for the performance of DNA-based identification. Primer universality proved high for both markers. Based on the combined rbcL + trnL-F dataset, all genera as well as all species with non-equal chloroplast genomes formed their own well supported monophyletic clade, indicating a high discriminatory power. Interspecific distances were larger than intraspecific distances for all tested taxa. Identification tests on gametophytes showed a comparable result. All test samples could be identified to genus level, species identification was well possible unless they belonged to a pair of Dryopteris species with completely identical chloroplast genomes. Our results suggest a high potential of the combined use of rbcL and trnL-F as a two-locus cpDNA barcode for identification of fern species. A regional approach may be preferred for ecological tests. We here offer such a ready-to-use barcoding approach for ferns, which opens the way for answering a whole range of questions previously unaddressed in fern gametophyte ecology.

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Nuclear DNA C-values and genome size are important biodiversity characters with fundamental biological significance. Yet C-value data for pteridophytes, a diverse group of vascular plants with approx. 9000 extant species, remain scarce. A recent survey by Bennett and Leitch (2001, Annals of Botany 87: 335-345) found that C-values were reported for only 48 pteridophyte species. To improve phylogenetic representation in this group and to check previously reported estimates, C-values for 30 taxa in 17 families were measured using flow cytometry for all but one species. This technique proved generally applicable, but the ease with which C-value data were generated varied greatly between materials. Comparing the new data with those previously published revealed several large discrepancies. After discounting doubtful data, C-values for 62 pteridophyte species remained acceptable for analysis. The present work has increased the number of such species' C-values by 93 %, and more than doubled the number of families represented (from 10 to 21). Analysis shows that pteridophyte C-values vary approx. 450-fold, from 0-16 pg in Selaginella kraussiana to 72.7 pg in Psilotum nudum var. gasa. Superimposing C-value data onto a robust phylogeny of pteridophytes suggests some possible trends in C-value evolution and highlights areas for future work.

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