The AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) is a sensor of cellular energy and nutrient status, expressed almost universally in eukaryotes as heterotrimeric complexes comprising catalytic (α) and regulatory (β and γ) subunits. Along with the mechanistic target of rapamycin complex-1 (mTORC1), AMPK may have been one of the earliest signaling pathways to have arisen during eukaryotic evolution. Recent crystal structures have provided insights into the mechanisms by which AMPK is regulated by phosphorylation and allosteric activators. Another recent development has been the realization that activation of AMPK by the upstream kinase LKB1 may primarily occur not in the cytoplasm, but at the surface of the lysosome, where AMPK and mTORC1 are regulated in a reciprocal manner by the availability of nutrients. It is also becoming clear that there is a substantial amount of crosstalk between the AMPK pathway and other signaling pathways that promote cell growth and proliferation, and this will be discussed.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Historically, natural products have been used since ancient times and in folklore for the treatment of many diseases and illnesses. Classical natural product chemistry methodologies enabled a vast array of bioactive secondary metabolites from terrestrial and marine sources to be discovered. Many of these natural products have gone on to become current drug candidates. This brief review aims to highlight historically significant bioactive marine and terrestrial natural products, their use in folklore and dereplication techniques to rapidly facilitate their discovery. Furthermore a discussion of how natural product chemistry has resulted in the identification of many drug candidates; the application of advanced hyphenated spectroscopic techniques to aid in their discovery, the future of natural product chemistry and finally adopting metabolomic profiling and dereplication approaches for the comprehensive study of natural product extracts will be discussed.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Synergistic interactions are of vital importance in phytomedicines, to explain difficulties in always isolating a single active ingredient, and explain the efficacy of apparently low doses of active constituents in a herbal product. This concept, that a whole or partially purified extract of a plant offers advantages over a single isolated ingredient, also underpins the philosophy of herbal medicine. Evidence to support the occurrence of synergy in within phytomedicines is now accumulating and is reviewed here. Synergistic interactions are documented for constituents within a total extract of a single herb, as well as between different herbs in a formulation. Positive and negative aspects of interactions are discussed together with the methods used to identify and measure synergy. The evidence is divided into experimental, in vitro instances, as well as clinical examples where available. Herbs discussed include Ginkgo biloba, Piper methysticum (Kava-Kava), Glycyrrhiza glabra, Hypericum perforatum, Valeriana officinalis, Cannabis sativa, Salix alba and others.

Makaleyi görüntüle

In this review we describe and discuss several approaches to selecting higher plants as candidates for drug development with the greatest possibility of success. We emphasize the role of information derived from various systems of traditional medicine (ethnomedicine) and its utility for drug discovery purposes. We have identified 122 compounds of defined structure, obtained from only 94 species of plants, that are used globally as drugs and demonstrate that 80% of these have had an ethnomedical use identical or related to the current use of the active elements of the plant. We identify and discuss advantages and disadvantages of using plants as starting points for drug development, specifically those used in traditional medicine.

Makaleyi görüntüle

The use of and search for drugs and dietary supplements derived from plants have accelerated in recent years. Ethnopharmacologists, botanists, microbiologists, and natural-products chemists are combing the Earth for phytochemicals and "leads" which could be developed for treatment of infectious diseases. While 25 to 50% of current pharmaceuticals are derived from plants, none are used as antimicrobials. Traditional healers have long used plants to prevent or cure infectious conditions; Western medicine is trying to duplicate their successes. Plants are rich in a wide variety of secondary metabolites, such as tannins, terpenoids, alkaloids, and flavonoids, which have been found in vitro to have antimicrobial properties. This review attempts to summarize the current status of botanical screening efforts, as well as in vivo studies of their effectiveness and toxicity. The structure and antimicrobial properties of phytochemicals are also addressed. Since many of these compounds are currently available as unregulated botanical preparations and their use by the public is increasing rapidly, clinicians need to consider the consequences of patients self-medicating with these preparations.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Steinmetz

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Europe

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Uphof

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Steinmetz

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Europe

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Hartwell

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Krochmal

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Krochmal

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Krochmal

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Steinmetz

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US(Appalachia)

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Krochmal

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Spain

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: FontQuer

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Steinmetz

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Al-Rawi

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US(Appalachia)

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Eb22: 333

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Elsewhere

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Woi.Syria

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Iraq

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Al-Rawi

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Turkey

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Steinmetz

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Europe

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Uphof

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: US

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Krochmal

Kaynak: James A. Duke

Ülke: Yugoslavia(Bosnia)

Duke USEAGE: G

Taxon: Salix alba

Referans: Hartwell

Kaynak: James A. Duke