The PhI(OAc) 2 -oxidation of the triterpene lupeol by manganese porphyrin was achieved, leading to 94% of lupeol conversion. Conditions aligned with principles of green chemistry, including the use of ethyl acetate as a solvent and iodobenzene diacetate as an oxidant, were studied. This approach led to the production of eight products from lupeol, notably achieving transformations at the C20 olefin moiety; six lupeol's products were isolated whereas the other two had their structures proposed supported on basic chemical tests (e.g., Fehling's test) and well‑established reactivity patterns in organic chemistry. These modifications were performed without the typical preceding protection of the C3 hydroxyl of lupeol, simplifying the synthetic route. Besides, the isopropenyl group of lupeol was converted to carboxylic acids through one-pot oxidation. This study reinforces the promising use of manganese porphyrins as catalysts for the oxidative transformation of other natural products of biological interest.

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The superfamily Chrysomeloidea (Cerambycidae + Chrysomelidae + Megalopodidae) encompasses a diverse phytophagous beetles, whose larvae exhibit internal or external feeding on leaves, wood, or roots of many plants. Through extensive research on leaf-mining insects in Japan, 64 species of Chrysomeloidea were confirmed to engage in leaf-mining behavior during their larval stages infesting tracheophytes, and comprising 2 Cerambycidae, 9 Megalopodidae, and 53 Chrysomelidae. This study presents an overview of the host plants and mining patterns of these 64 leaf-mining beetle species and describes two new species, Sphaerodermakomiana Kato, sp. nov. and Dactylispaadinae Kato, sp. nov. The leaf-mining beetles demonstrate a broad host range including Equisetales, Polypodiales, Cycadales, and 23 orders of angiosperms. Particularly notable diversification was observed on Polypodiales (within Halticorcus ), Ranunculaceae ( Argopus and Sphaeroderma ), Celastraceae ( Zeugophora ), and Oleaceae ( Argopistes ). Host specificity greatly varied among the reported 64 beetle species: 29 spp. species-specific; 12 spp. genus-specific; 16 spp. family-specific; 2 spp. order-specific; 5 spp. non-specific even at order level. The five non-specific species ( Argopuspunctipennis , Sphaerodermanigricolle , Dactylispaangulosa , Notosacanthaihai , and N.loochooana ) are associated with multiple plant orders while maintaining specificity to a small number of genera belonging to phylogenetically distant plant families. This pattern, termed as extended host specificity, suggests recent host shifts across plant families without substantial expansion of host ranges.

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We hypothesized that Euonymus sachalinensis (ES) induces apoptosis by inhibiting the expression of c-Myc in colon cancer cells, and this study proved that the methanol extract of ES has anticancer effects in colon cancer cells. ES belongs to the Celastraceae family and is well known for its medicinal properties. Extracts of species belonging to this family have been used to treat diverse diseases, including rheumatoid arthritis, chronic nephritis, allergic conjunctivitis, rhinitis, and asthma. However, ES has been targeted because there are currently few studies on the efficacy of ES for various diseases, including cancer. ES lowers cell viability in colon cancer cells and reduces the expression of c-Myc protein. We confirm that the protein level of apoptotic factors such as PARP and Caspase 3 decrease when ES is treated with Western blot, and confirm that DNA fragments occur through TUNEL assay. In addition, it is confirmed that the protein level of oncogenes CNOT2 and MID1IP1 decrease when ES is treated. We have also found that ES enhances the chemo-sensitivity of 5-FU in 5-FU-resistant cells. Therefore, we confirm that ES has anticancer effects by inducing apoptotic cell death and regulating the oncogenes CNOT2 and MID1IP1, suggesting its potential for use in the treatment of colon cancer.

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Three new lupane-type triterpenoids (1-3), three new oleane-type triterpenoids (4-6), as well as two known compounds (7-8) were isolated from Euonymus carnosus. The structures of the compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses, including UV, IR, MS, and NMR experiments. The inhibitory on LPS-induced NO production in microglia BV2 cells of compounds 1-8 were also evaluated. Compounds 1 and 2 showed moderate abilities to inhibit NO production, with IC 50 values of 5.99 and 8.47μM, respectively.

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Fifteen new lupane-type triterpenoids (1-15) and 10 known triterpenoids (16-25) were isolated from the stems of Euonymus carnosus. The structures of the new compounds were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic analyses, and the absolute configuration of compound 1 was confirmed by X-ray crystallographic analysis using anomalous scattering of Cu Kα radiation. In addition, the compounds were tested for their cytotoxic activity against five human cancer cell lines and their ability to inhibit LPS-induced nitric oxide production in the murine microglia BV2 cell line. Compound 11 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against several human cancer cell lines, and compounds 1, 2, 4, 5, 20, and 25 showed neuritis inhibitory activity against microglial inflammation factor, with IC50 values of 7.39, 7.48, 7.80, 3.48, 2.54, and 6.09 μM, respectively.

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