This work presents the biocidal effects and chemical compositions of two essential oils (EOs) obtained by hydrodistillation of Eucalyptus flocktoniae subsp . flocktoniae and E. flocktoniae subsp. hebes . The two subspecies studied had different chemical composition, when analysed by gas chromatography coupled to mass spectrometry with 1,8-cineole (56.98%), trans -pinocarveol (20.38%) and α-pinene (5.86%) being the major components of E. flocktoniae subsp. flocktoniae and spathulenol (25.09%), p -cymene (21.20%), 1,8-cineole (10.74%) and α-pinene (8.93%) are the major components of E. flocktoniae subsp . hebes . These oils were evaluated for their insect antifeedant, nematicidal and phytotoxic activities. The biocidal tests showed that E. flocktoniae subsp . hebes was the most active against Myzus persicae and Rhopalosiphum padi . While, E. flocktoniae subsp. flocktoniae was not antifeedant. None of the investigated EOs were active against both Spodoptera littoralis and Meloidogyne javanica root-knot nematode. Moreover, the EOs extracted from these two subspecies showed a significant phytotoxic effect.

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Predicting spatial distribution of flowering forage availability is critical for guiding migratory beekeeping decisions. Species distribution modelling (SDM) is widely used to predict the geographic distribution or species ranges. Stacked distributions of multiple species (S-SDM) have been used in predicting species richness or assemblages. Here, we present a method for stacking SDMs based on a temporal element, the flowering phenology of melliferous flora species. First, we used presence-only data for thirty key forage species used for honey production in Western Australia, combined with environmental variables for predicting the geographic distribution of species, using MaxEnt software. The output distribution grids were then stacked based on monthly flowering times of each species to develop grids representing the richness of flowering species by grid cell. While designed for modelling flowering forage availability for a migratory beekeeping system, the approach can be used for predicting temporal forage availability for a range of different fauna that rely on melliferous flora. •How to use temporally stacked species distribution modelling for generic distribution of flowering availability using presence-only data.•A procedure for developing flowering richness and availability grids.

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The dataset includes (i) species occurrence points, and (ii) Species Distribution Model (SDM) outputs under current conditions and a moderate emission (RCP 6.0) climate scenario, for 30 key bee forage species in southwest Western Australia (WA). Occurrence data were obtained from open data sources and through stakeholder engagement processes. SDM outputs were predicted using the Maxent algorithm with the change in species range analysed using QGIS software. The model outputs provide insight into the potential implications of climate change on important bee forage species in southwest WA, including dominant melliferous tree and shrub species. Changes in these species are likely to have repercussions to the ecological and social systems where a facilitatory relationship exists. This dataset is important for informing conservation efforts within the southwest Australian biodiversity hotspot.

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Ethnopharmacological relevance Eucalyptus kinos are tannin-rich, mostly red-coloured wood exudates. They have played an important role in the traditional medicines of Australian Aboriginal people and were also a valued source of antibacterial and astringent agents for early European settlers. Materials and methods Nineteen different Eucalyptus kinos were collected and analysed for their total phenolics and total tannin content as well as their relative amounts of hydrolysable and condensed tannins. They were also classified in accordance with Maiden's traditional kino categories. Well plate diffusion assays using three Gram positive and two Gram negative bacteria and a yeast species were carried out to assess antimicrobial properties. Results The investigated kino samples differ strongly in their total phenolics and overall tannin as well as their relative hydrolysable and condensed tannin contents. All but one could be assigned to one of the traditional Maiden kino classes. The samples, in particular those collected from Corymbia maculata and Eucalyptus ficifolia, demonstrated a strong antibacterial activity towards Gram positive bacteria but were inactive against the Gram negative strains and the yeast. No obvious correlation seems to exist between a particular Maiden class and antibacterial activity but there is a positive correlation between total phenolics/tannin content and antibacterial effect although two of the investigated kinos (Eucalyptus flocktoniae and Eucalyptus sargentii) deviated from this trend. The relative amounts of hydrolysable and condensed tannins in a kino sample do not seem to determine the antibacterial effect. Conclusion Eucalpytus kinos present an interesting class of natural products which should be investigated further, not only to contribute to the growing field of tannin chemistry but to also learn more about the individual role played by the various hydrolysable and condensed tannins that determine a kino's antibacterial activity and to contribute to a better understanding of the use of some of these kinos in traditional systems of medicine. In particular samples like Eucalyptus flocktoniae kino, which recorded a higher antibacterial activity than predicted based on total tannin content, warrant more detailed chemical and antimicrobial analyses.

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Background and aims Clayey (sodosolic) pavements were studied in lateral root catchments of eucalypts where mixed myrtaceous:proteaceous vegetation was colonizing a dune of quartzitic sand blown out from a playa lake during late Pleistocene times. The site at Chillinup in south-west Western Australia provided an opportunity to examine these signature pavements in an unequivocally recent setting, and to assess their effects on competing non-eucalypt vegetation. Methods Pavements were located, and their extents and depths assessed by probing with steel rods, followed by corings and pit excavations using an air spade. Listings of plant species, growth forms and root morphologies were assembled for different vegetation zones in a representative transect across the dune. A deep cutting through the dune provided details on pavement morphology and modifications to the sand deposit bioengineered by eucalypt and heath vegetation. Key results Clay pavements comprised closely spaced, round-topped columns whose mean diameters and depths varied between eucalypt species. Incipient pavement formation was characterized by clumps of clay deposited around fine root material. Pavements appeared to have been synthesized in situ from locally accessed and imported constituents. Understoreys on superficial pavements of a tree eucalypt were considerably less dense and biodiverse than on the deeper pavements of two mallee species, whilst most profuse vegetation cover was encountered in heath on unmodified (non-pavemented) sand. Certain species were restricted to superficially located pavements, whilst other 'generalist' species occurred widely across the dune. Relict pavements formed by earlier generations of eucalypts were present in certain areas of the transect and in soil profiles of the cutting. Some relict pavements colonized by proteaceous shrubs were overprinted with ferricrete. Conclusions Clay pavements formed by eucalypts have pronounced effects on understorey vegetation and may have been instrumental in establishment of the complex mosaics of mallee-woodland and proteaceous heathland observed across semi-arid landscapes of south-west Western Australia. Findings are related to earlier observations on the range of plant-mediated changes in soil profiles discussed in the recently advanced 'Phytotarium' concept.

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