Germacranes are a type of sesquiterpene lactones with anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic properties against cancer cell lines. In this in vitro study, erioflorin and erioflorin acetate were isolated and purified from the leaves of Podanthus mitiqui Lindl (Mitique or Mitriu), a shrub endemic to Chile and traditionally used in Mapuche medicine to treat urinary and digestive disorders. Their effects on advanced prostate cancer cell lines (DU-145 and 22Rv1) were evaluated. Cytotoxicity was assessed using real-time cell death and clonogenic assays. Apoptosis was determined by measuring reactive oxygen species (ROS), mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), and apoptotic cell percentage through flow cytometry. Gene expression of BAX and BCL-2 was analyzed via RT-qPCR, while NF-κB activation was studied in DU-145 cells and human monocytic NF-κB reporter assays using LPS stimulation and alkaline phosphatase activity quantification. Erioflorin acetate exhibited the highest cytotoxicity, with IC 50 values of 35.1 µM (22Rv1) and 27.3 µM (DU-145), compared to erioflorin, which had IC 50 values of 50.3 µM and 56.5 µM, respectively. Both compounds increased ROS levels, reduced ΔΨm, and induced apoptosis. RT-qPCR analysis revealed that erioflorin elevated the BAX/BCL-2 ratio, and both compounds inhibited NF-κB activation by preventing IκBα phosphorylation. In conclusion, the findings demonstrate that erioflorin and erioflorin acetate exert significant in vitro cytotoxic and cytostatic effects on prostate cancer cells, supporting their potential as natural candidates for prostate cancer therapy.

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Background The existing drug treatments for trypanosomiases are limited and suffer from shortcomings due to their toxicity and the emergence of resistant parasites. Developing anti-trypanosomal compounds based on natural products is a promising way of fighting trypanosomiases. Objectives This study aims to identify through scientific review a large variety of medicinal plants (anti-trypanosomal) used worldwide and scientifically shown to display anti-trypanosomal effects. Methods To collect data, the anti-trypanosomal activities of Africa, Asia, the Middle East, South America, North America, Europe and Oceania medicinal plants have been checked by considering the published paper. Results Based on collected data, 77 natural molecules were reported in the literature. Of which 59 were from the African region, 11 from Asia, 3 from Europe and 4 from Latin America. These active components belong to alkaloids, triterpenoids, lactone, quinoids, flavonoids, iridoids, lignans, steroids, lipids, oxygenated heterocycles, benzenoids, proteins, coumarins, phenylpropanoids and peptides. We also specified the prosperous plants with unique anti-trypanosomal activities. Conclusions However, there is a need for further studies on the ability of the isolated compounds to ameliorate the trypanosome-induced pathological alterations and also the elucidation of their modes of actions and activities against other trypanosome species.

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The extracts of several plants of Central Chile exhibited anti-Trypanosoma cruzi trypomastigotes activity. Most active extracts were those obtained from Podanthus ovatifolius, Berberis microphylla, Kageneckia oblonga, and Drimys winteri. The active extract of Drimys winteri (IC50 51.2 microg/mL) was purified and three drimane sesquiterpenes were obtained: polygodial, drimenol, and isodrimenin. Isodrimenin and drimenol were found to be active against the trypomastigote form of T. cruzi with IC50 values of 27.9 and 25.1 microM, respectively.

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A comparative study on the effect of arturin (1), ovatifolin (3), deacetylovatifolin (5), and their 1-acetoxyarturin (2), 8-acetoxyovatifolin (4), 1,10-epoxyovatifolin (6), and 11,13-dihydroovatifolin (7) derivatives, isolated from Podanthus ovatifolius and Podanthus mitiqui, on the seedling growth, germination, and respiration of several monocot and dicot weedy target species was carried out. In addition to the inhibitory activity on the bleaching of crocin induced by alkoxyl radicals, these compounds also displayed scavenging properties toward DPPH in TLC autographic and spectrophotometric assays. The results indicate that ovatifolin (3), deacetylovatifolin (5), epoxyovatifolin (6), dihydroovatifolin (7), and the CH(2)Cl(2) extract interfere with pre-emergence of seedlings at the level of respiration. These compounds appear to have selective effects on the radicle and shoot growth of Physalis ixocarpa and Trifolium pratense. Their allelopathic effects are comparable to those of parthenolide, a know natural growth inhibitor.

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