Three new genera are described: Michener (Proteropinae), Bioalfa (Rogadinae), and Hermosomastax (Rogadinae). Keys are given for the New World genera of the following braconid subfamilies: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Cheloninae, Homolobinae, Hormiinae, Ichneutinae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Proteropinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rogadinae. In these subfamilies 416 species are described or redescribed. Most of the species have been reared and all but 13 are new to science. A consensus sequence of the COI barcodes possessed by each species is employed to diagnose the species, and this approach is justified in the introduction. Most descriptions consist of a lateral or dorsal image of the holotype, a diagnostic COI consensus barcode, the Barcode Index Number (BIN) code with a link to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD), and the holotype specimen information required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The following species are treated and those lacking authorship are newly described here with authorship attributable to Sharkey except for the new species of Macrocentrinae which are by Sharkey & van Achterberg: AGATHIDINAE: Aerophiluspaulmarshi , Mesocoelusdavidsmithi , Neothlipsisbobkulai , Plesiocoelusvanachterbergi , Pneumagathiserythrogastra (Cameron, 1905), Therophilusbobwhartoni , T.donaldquickei , T.gracewoodae , T.maetoi , T.montywoodi , T.penteadodiasae , Zacremnopsbrianbrowni , Z.coatlicue Sharkey, 1990, Zacremnopscressoni (Cameron, 1887), Z.ekchuah Sharkey, 1990, Z.josefernandezi , Zelomorphasarahmeierottoae . BRACONINAE: Braconalejandromarini , B.alejandromasisi , B.alexamasisae , B.andresmarini , B.andrewwalshi , B.anniapicadoae , B.anniemoriceae , B.barryhammeli , B.bernardoespinozai , B.carlossanabriai , B.chanchini , B.christophervallei , B.erasmocoronadoi , B.eugeniephillipsae , B.federicomatarritai , B.frankjoycei , B.gerardovegai , B.germanvegai , B.isidrochaconi , B.jimlewisi , B.josejaramilloi , B.juanjoseoviedoi , B.juliodiazi , B.luzmariaromeroae , B.manuelzumbadoi , B.marialuisariasae , B.mariamartachavarriae , B.mariorivasi , B.melissaespinozae , B.nelsonzamorai , B.nicklaphami , B.ninamasisae , B.oliverwalshi , B.paulamarinae , B.rafamoralesi , B.robertofernandezi , B.rogerblancoi , B.ronaldzunigai , B.sigifredomarini , B.tihisiaboshartae , B.wilberthbrizuelai , Digonogastramontylloydi , D.montywoodi , D.motohasegawai , D.natwheelwrighti , D.nickgrishini . CHELONINAE: Adeliusadrianguadamuzi , A.gauldi Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, A.janzeni Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, Ascogastergloriasihezarae , A.grettelvegae , A.guillermopereirai , A.gustavoecheverrii , A.katyvandusenae , A.luisdiegogomezi , Chelonusalejandrozaldivari , C.gustavogutierrezi , C.gustavoinduni , C.harryramirezi , C.hartmanguidoi , C.hazelcambroneroae , C.iangauldi , C.isidrochaconi , C.janecheverriae , C.jeffmilleri , C.jennyphillipsae , C.jeremydewaardi , C.jessiehillae , C.jesusugaldei , C.jimlewisi , C.jimmilleri , C.jimwhitfieldi , C.johanvalerioi , C.johnburnsi , C.johnnoyesi , C.jorgebaltodanoi , C.jorgehernandezi , C.josealfredohernandezi , C.josefernandeztrianai , C.josehernandezcortesi , C.josemanuelperezi , C.josephinerodriguezae , C.juanmatai , C.junkoshimurae , C.kateperezae , C.luciariosae , C.luzmariaromeroae , C.manuelpereirai , C.manuelzumbadoi , C.marianopereirai , C.maribellealvarezae , C.markmetzi , C.markshawi , C.martajimenezae , C.mayrabonillae , C.meganmiltonae , C.melaniamunozae , C.michaelstroudi , C.michellevanderbankae , C.mingfangi , C.minorcarmonai , C.monikaspringerae , C.moniquegilbertae , C.motohasegawai , C.nataliaivanovae , C.nelsonzamorai , C.normwoodleyi , C.osvaldoespinozai , C.pamelacastilloae , C.paulgoldsteini , C.paulhansoni , C.paulheberti , C.petronariosae , C.ramyamanjunathae , C.randallgarciai , C.rebeccakittelae , C.robertoespinozai , C.robertofernandezi , C.rocioecheverriae , C.rodrigogamezi , C.ronaldzunigai , C.rosibelelizondoae , C.rostermoragai , C.ruthfrancoae , C.scottmilleri , C.scottshawi , C.sergioriosi , C.sigifredomarini , C.stevearonsoni , C.stevestroudi , C.sujeevanratnasinghami , C.sureshnaiki , C.torbjornekremi , C.yeimycedenoae , Leptodrepanaalexisae , L.erasmocoronadoi , L.felipechavarriai , L.freddyquesadai , L.gilbertfuentesi , L.manuelriosi , Phanerotomaalmasolisae , P.alvaroherrerai , P.anacordobae , P.anamariamongeae , P.andydeansi , P.angelagonzalezae , P.angelsolisi , P.barryhammeli , P.bernardoespinozai , P.calixtomoragai , P.carolinacanoae , P.christerhanssoni , P.christhompsoni , P.davesmithi , P.davidduthiei , P.dirksteinkei , P.donquickei , P.duniagarciae , P.duvalierbricenoi , P.eddysanchezi , P.eldarayae , P.eliethcantillanoae , P.jenopappi , Pseudophanerotomaalanflemingi , Ps.albanjimenezi , Ps.alejandromarini , Ps.alexsmithi , Ps.allisonbrownae , Ps.bobrobbinsi . HOMOLOBINAE: Exasticolusjennyphillipsae , E.randallgarciai , E.robertofernandezi , E.sigifredomarini , E.tomlewinsoni . HORMIINAE: Hormiusanamariamongeae , H.angelsolisi , H.anniapicadoae , H.arthurchapmani , H.barryhammeli , H.carmenretanae , H.carloswalkeri , H.cesarsuarezi , H.danbrooksi , H.eddysanchezi , H.erikframstadi , H.georgedavisi , H.grettelvegae , H.gustavoinduni , H.hartmanguidoi , H.hectoraritai , H.hesiquiobenitezi , H.irenecanasae , H.isidrochaconi, H.jaygallegosi , H.jimbeachi , H.jimlewisi , H.joelcracrafti , H.johanvalerioi , H.johnburleyi , H.joncoddingtoni , H.jorgecarvajali , H.juanmatai , H.manuelzumbadoi , H.mercedesfosterae , H.modonnellyae , H.nelsonzamorai , H.pamelacastilloae , H.raycypessi , H.ritacolwellae , H.robcolwelli , H.rogerblancosegurai , H.ronaldzunigai , H.russchapmani , H.virginiaferrisae , H.warrenbrighami , H.willsflowersi . ICHNEUTINAE: Oligoneuruskriskrishtalkai , O.jorgejimenezi , Paroligoneuruselainehoaglandae , P.julianhumphriesi , P.mikeiviei . MACROCENTRINAE: Austrozelejorgecampabadali , A.jorgesoberoni , Dolichozelegravitarsis (Muesebeck, 1938), D.josefernandeztrianai , D.josephinerodriguezae , Hymenochaoniakalevikulli , H.kateperezae , H.katherinebaillieae , H.katherineellisonae , H.katyvandusenae , H.kazumifukunagae , H.keithlangdoni , H.keithwillmotti , H.kenjinishidai , H.kimberleysheldonae , H.krisnorvigae , H.lilianamadrigalae , H.lizlangleyae , Macrocentrusfredsingeri , M.geoffbarnardi , M.gregburtoni , M.gretchendailyae , M.grettelvegae , M.gustavogutierrezi , M.hannahjamesae , M.harisridhari , M.hillaryrosnerae , M.hiroshikidonoi , M.iangauldi , M.jennyphillipsae , M.jesseausubeli , M.jessemaysharkae , M.jimwhitfieldi , M.johnbrowni , M.johnburnsi , M.jonathanfranzeni , M.jonathanrosenbergi , M.jorgebaltodanoi , M.lucianocapelli . ORGILINAE: Orgilusamyrossmanae , O.carrolyoonae , O.christhompsoni , O.christinemcmahonae , O.dianalipscombae , O.ebbenielsoni , O.elizabethpennisiae , O.evertlindquisti , O.genestoermeri , O.jamesriegeri , O.jeanmillerae , O.jeffmilleri , O.jerrypowelli , O.jimtiedjei , O.johnlundbergi , O.johnpipolyi , O.jorgellorentei , O.larryspearsi , O.marlinricei , O.mellissaespinozae , O.mikesmithi , O.normplatnicki , O.peterrauchi , O.richardprimacki , O.sandraberriosae , O.sarahmirandae , O.scottmilleri , O.scottmorii , Stantoniabillalleni , S.brookejarvisae , S.donwilsoni , S.erikabjorstromae , S.garywolfi , S.henrikekmani , S.luismirandai , S.miriamzunzae , S.quentinwheeleri , S.robinkazmierae , S.ruthtifferae . PROTEROPINAE: Hebichneutestricolor Sharkey & Wharton, 1994, Proteropsiangauldi , P.vickifunkae , Michenercharlesi . RHYSIPOLINAE: Pseudorhysipolisluisfonsecai , P. mailyngonzalezaeRhysipolisjulioquirosi . ROGADINAE: Aleiodesadrianaradulovae , A.adrianforsythi , A.agnespeelleae , A.alaneaglei , A.alanflemingi , A.alanhalevii , A.alejandromasisi , A.alessandracallejae , A.alexsmithi , A.alfonsopescadori , A.alisundermieri , A.almasolisae , A.alvarougaldei , A.alvaroumanai , A.angelsolisi , A.annhowdenae , A.bobandersoni , A.carolinagodoyae , A.charlieobrieni , A.davefurthi , A.donwhiteheadi , A.doylemckeyi , A.frankhovorei , A.henryhowdeni , A.inga Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A.johnchemsaki , A.johnkingsolveri , A.gonodontovorus Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A.manuelzumbadoi , A.mayrabonillae , A.michelledsouzae , A.mikeiviei , A.normwoodleyi , A.pammitchellae , A.pauljohnsoni , A.rosewarnerae , A.steveashei , A.terryerwini , A.willsflowersi , Bioalfapedroleoni , B.alvarougaldei , B.rodrigogamezi , Choreborogasandydeansi , C.eladiocastroi , C.felipechavarriai , C.frankjoycei , Clinocentrusandywarreni , Cl.angelsolisi , Cystomastaxalexhausmanni , Cy.angelagonzalezae , Cy.ayaigarashiae , Hermosomastaxclavifemorus Quicke sp. nov., Heterogamusdonstonei , Pseudoyeliconesbernsweeneyi , Stiropiusbencrairi , S.berndkerni , S.edgargutierrezi , S.edwilsoni , S.ehakernae , Triraphisbillfreelandi , T.billmclarneyi , T.billripplei , T.bobandersoni , T.bobrobbinsi , T.bradzlotnicki , T.brianbrowni , T.brianlaueri , T.briannestjacquesae , T.camilocamargoi , T.carlosherrerai , T.carolinepalmerae , T.charlesmorrisi , T.chigiybinellae , T.christerhanssoni , T.christhompsoni , T.conniebarlowae , T.craigsimonsi , T.defectus Valerio, 2015, T.danielhubi , T.davidduthiei , T.davidwahli , T.federicomatarritai , T.ferrisjabri , T.mariobozai , T.martindohrni , T.matssegnestami , T.mehrdadhajibabaei , T.ollieflinti , T.tildalauerae , Yeliconesdirksteinkei , Y.markmetzi , Y.monserrathvargasae , Y.tricolor Quicke, 1996. Y.woldai Quicke, 1996. The following new combinations are proposed: Neothlipsissmithi (Ashmead), new combination for Microdussmithi Ashmead, 1894; Neothlipsispygmaeus (Enderlein), new combination for Microduspygmaeus Enderlein, 1920; Neothlipsisunicinctus (Ashmead), new combination for Microdusunicinctus Ashmead, 1894; Therophilusanomalus (Bortoni and Penteado-Dias) new combination for Plesiocoelusanomalus Bortoni and Penteado-Dias, 2015; Aerophilusareolatus (Bortoni and Penteado-Dias) new combination for Plesiocoelusareolatus Bortoni and Penteado-Dias, 2015; Pneumagathiserythrogastra (Cameron) new combination for Agathiserythrogastra Cameron, 1905. Dolichozelecitreitarsis (Enderlein), new combination for Paniscozelecitreitarsis Enderlein, 1920. Dolichozelefuscivertex (Enderlein) new combination for Paniscozelefuscivertex Enderlein, 1920. Finally, Bassusbrooksi Sharkey, 1998 is synonymized with Agathiserythrogastra Cameron, 1905; Paniscozelegriseipes Enderlein, 1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelekoebelei Viereck, 1911; Paniscozelecarinifrons Enderlein, 1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelefuscivertex (Enderlein, 1920); and Paniscozelenigricauda Enderlein,1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelequaestor (Fabricius, 1804). (originally described as Ophionquaestor Fabricius, 1804).

Makaleyi görüntüle

There is increasing evidence that plant-associated microorganisms play important roles in shaping interactions between plants and insect herbivores. Studies of both pathogenic and beneficial plant microbes have documented wide-ranging effects on herbivore behavior and performance. Some studies, for example, have reported enhanced insect-repellent traits or reduced performance of herbivores on microbe-associated plants, while others have documented increased herbivore attraction or performance. Insect herbivores frequently rely on plant cues during foraging and oviposition, suggesting that plant-associated microbes affecting these cues can indirectly influence herbivore preference. We review and synthesize recent literature to provide new insights into the ways pathogenic and beneficial plant-associated microbes alter visual, olfactory, and gustatory cues of plants that affect host-plant selection by insect herbivores. We discuss the underlying mechanisms, ecological implications, and future directions for studies of plant-microbial symbionts that indirectly influence herbivore behavior by altering plant traits.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Although Glomerella glycines , Colletotrichum magnum and C. orchidearum are known as causal agents of anthracnose of soybean, Cucurbitaceae and Orchidaceae , respectively, their taxonomy remains unresolved. In preliminary analyses based on ITS, strains of these species appear basal in Colletotrichum phylogenies, clustering close to C. cliviae , C. brevisporum and other recently described species from tropical or subtropical regions. Phylogenetic analyses (ITS, GAPDH , CHS-1, HIS3, ACT, TUB2 ) of 102 strains previously identified as Ga. glycines , C. magnum and C. orchidearum as well as other related strains from different culture collections and studies placed these taxa in three species complexes, and distinguished at least 24 species, including 11 new species. In this study, C. magnum , C. orchidearum and C. piperis were epitypified and their taxonomy resolved, while C. cliviicola was proposed as a new name for C. cliviae . Furthermore, a sexual morph was observed for C. yunnanense , while C. brevisporum , C. cliviicola and C. tropicicola were reported from new hosts or countries. Regarding their conidial morphology, species in the C. dracaenophilum, C. magnum and C. orchidearum species complexes are reminiscent of C. gloeosporioides or C. boninense s. lat., and were likely to be confused with them in the past.

Makaleyi görüntüle

It is increasingly recognized that macro-organisms (corals, insects, plants, vertebrates) consist of both host tissues and multiple microbial symbionts that play essential roles in their host's ecological and evolutionary success. Consequently, identifying benefits and costs of symbioses, as well as mechanisms underlying them are research priorities. All plants surveyed under natural conditions harbor foliar endophytic fungi (FEF) in their leaf tissues, often at high densities. Despite producing no visible effects on their hosts, experiments have nonetheless shown that FEF reduce pathogen and herbivore damage. Here, combining results from three genomic, and two physiological experiments, we demonstrate pervasive genetic and phenotypic effects of the apparently asymptomatic endophytes on their hosts. Specifically, inoculation of endophyte-free (E-) Theobroma cacao leaves with Colletotrichum tropicale (E+), the dominant FEF species in healthy T. cacao, induces consistent changes in the expression of hundreds of host genes, including many with known defensive functions. Further, E+ plants exhibited increased lignin and cellulose content, reduced maximum rates of photosynthesis (Amax), and enrichment of nitrogen-15 and carbon-13 isotopes. These phenotypic changes observed in E+ plants correspond to changes in expression of specific functional genes in related pathways. Moreover, a cacao gene (Tc00g04254) highly up-regulated by C. tropicale also confers resistance to pathogen damage in the absence of endophytes or their products in host tissues. Thus, the benefits of increased pathogen resistance in E+ plants are derived in part from up-regulation of intrinsic host defense responses, and appear to be offset by potential costs including reduced photosynthesis, altered host nitrogen metabolism, and endophyte heterotrophy of host tissues. Similar effects are likely in most plant-endophyte interactions, and should be recognized in the design and interpretation of genetic and phenotypic studies of plants.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Interactions among the component members of different symbioses are not well studied. For example, leaf-cutting ants maintain an obligate symbiosis with their fungal garden, while the leaf material they provide to their garden is usually filled with endophytic fungi. The ants and their cultivar may interact with hundreds of endophytic fungal species, yet little is known about these interactions. Experimental manipulations showed that (i) ants spend more time cutting leaves from a tropical vine, Merremia umbellata, with high versus low endophyte densities, (ii) ants reduce the amount of endophytic fungi in leaves before planting them in their gardens, (iii) the ants' fungal cultivar inhibits the growth of most endophytes tested. Moreover, the inhibition by the ants' cultivar was relatively greater for more rapidly growing endophyte strains that could potentially out-compete or overtake the garden. Our results suggest that endophytes are not welcome in the garden, and that the ants and their cultivar combine ant hygiene behaviour with fungal inhibition to reduce endophyte activity in the nest.

Makaleyi görüntüle