The genus Peronospora is the largest genus of the oomycetes, fungus-like members of the kingdom Straminipila that also contains amoeboid (e.g., Leukarachnion ) and plant-like (e.g., Laminaria ) lifeforms. Peronospora species are obligate biotrophic plant pathogens, causing high economic losses in various crops and ornamentals, including Plantago species. Several species of Plantago are used as speciality crops and medicinal plants. In this study, Peronospora species parasitic on Plantago were investigated based on morphology and phylogenetic analyses using two nuclear (ITS, nrLSU) loci and one mitochondrial ( cox 2) locus. As a result of these investigations, 10 new species are added to the already known Peronospora species on Plantago . Interestingly, it was found that four independent species are parasitic to Plantago major , highlighting that the reliance on the host plant for pathogen determination can be misleading in Peronospora . Taking this into account, morphological and phylogenetic analyses should be conducted as a prerequisite for effective quarantine regulations and phytosanitary measures. Citation : Mu M, Choi Y-J, Kruse J, et al. 2024. Single host plant species may harbour more than one species of Peronospora - a case study on Peronospora infecting Plantago. Persoonia 52: 94-118. https://doi.org/10.3767/persoonia.2024.52.04 .

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Forest edges, which are ecotones, have a significant impact on the spatial distribution of many Coleoptera species. This research was carried out in 2020-2022 on the territory of the Republic of Mordovia (the center of the European part of Russia). Beer traps (with a bait made of beer with sugar) were used to collect Coleoptera. Four plots were selected for the research, which differed in the composition of plants on the edges, adjacent open ecosystems, and types of forest ecosystems. The forest adjoined closely to this open ecosystem. Inside the forest interior, at 300-350 m, a control inner section of the forest with a closed canopy was selected. There were eight traps on each site: edge-below, edge-above, forest interior-below, and forest interior-above, with two traps in each plot. These traps were located at a height of 1.5 (below) and 7.5 m (above) above the ground on tree branches. In total, more than 13,000 specimens from 35 families were recorded. Cerambycidae, Nitidulidae, Curculionidae, and Elateridae had the greatest species diversity. Nitidulidae (71.6% of all individuals), Curculionidae (8.3%), Scarabaeidae (7.7%), and Cerambycidae (2.4%) predominated in total number. There were 13 species common to all plots. At the same time, only four species were found in all traps ( Protaetia marmorata , Cryptarcha strigata , Glischrochilus grandis , and Soronia grisea ). The abundance of P. marmorata on all plots at an altitude of 7.5 m on the edges was greater. G. grandis prevailed in the lower traps. The abundance of C. strigata and S. grisea varied depending on the location of the trap on different plots. The general pattern was the greatest species diversity of Coleoptera on the edges in the lower traps. At the same time, the total number of all species on the edges was lower. At the edges, the Shannon index was practically always higher or equal to similar indicators in traps located in the forest interior. According to the average values of all plots, it turned out that the number of species of saproxylic Coleoptera prevails inside forest areas, and the largest number of saproxiles was found in the upper traps. An interesting feature for all plots was a more significant relative number of anthophilic species at the edge in the upper traps.

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A taxonomic monograph of the ascomycete genus Taeniolella (asexual dematiaceous hyphomycetes, sexual morphs unknown) is provided. Recent phylogenetic analyses demonstrated the polyphyly of this genus. The type species of Taeniolella pertains to the Kirschsteiniotheliaceae within Dothideomycetes , while other saprobic species clustered far away within Sordariomycetes , Savoryellaceae s. lat. , and Lindgomycetaceae , whereas lichenicolous species belong to a monophyletic clade that represents the order Asterotexiales , but for most species assigned to Taeniolella sequence data and phylogenetic analyses are not yet available. The main focus of the present taxonomic study was on a revision of the lichenicolous Taeniolella species. Since the currently available phylogenetic analyses do not allow final taxonomic conclusions at generic rank, the exclusion of lichenicolous species from Taeniolella s. lat . has been postponed pending a broader sampling and more phylogenetic data of allied ascomycete genera within the order Asterotexiales . For the interim, Taeniolella s. lat ., including lichenicolous and saprobic species, is maintained. The taxonomic background, history, generic description and discrimination from morphologically confusable genera, phylogeny, biology, host range and distribution, and species concept of Taeniolella species are briefly outlined and discussed. Keys to the species of Taeniolella divided by ecological groups (lichenicolous taxa, saprobic taxa) are provided, supplemented by a tabular key to lichenicolous species based on host (lichen) families and genera. Twenty-nine lichenicolous species and a Taeniolella sp. (putative asexual morph of Sphaerellothecium thamnoliae ) as well as 16 saprobic species are described in detail and illustrated by drawings, macroscopic photographs, light microscopic and SEM micrographs, including six new lichenicolous species ( T. arctoparmeliae on Arctoparmelia separata, T. lecanoricola on Lecanora rupicola, T. thelotrematis on Thelotrema, T. umbilicariae and T. umbilicariicola on Umbilicaria , T. weberi on Thelotrema weberi ), three new saprobic species ( T. filamentosa on Salix, T. ravenelii on Quercus, T. stilbosporoides on Salix caprea ), and one new combination, T. arthoniae . Most saprobic Taeniolella species are wood-inhabiting (on bark, decorticated trunks and twigs, rotten wood), whereas lichenicolous species grow on thalli and fruiting bodies (mostly apothecia) of lichens, mostly without causing any evident damage, but they are nevertheless confined to their host lichens, or they are obviously pathogenic and cause either disease of the thalli ( e.g. , Taeniolella chrysothricis and T. delicata ) or at least thallus discolorations or necroses ( e.g. , T. christiansenii , T. chrysothricis , T. cladinicola , T. pseudocyphellariae , and T. strictae ). Taeniolella atricerebrina and T. rolfii induce the formation of distinct galls. The range of micro-morphological traits for taxonomic purposes is limited in Taeniolella species, but size, shape and septation of conidiophores and conidia, including surface ornamentation, provided basic characters. Mycelium, stromata and arrangement of conidiophores are less important for the differentiation of species. Lichenicolous species are widespread on a wide range of lichens, with a focus in the northern hemisphere, mainly in northern temperate regions, including arctic-subartic habitats (18 species, i.e. , 62 % of the lichenicolous species). Eleven lichenicolous species, e.g. , T. pseudocyphellariae , T. santessonii , T. thelotrematis, T. umbilicariae , are also known from collections in non-temperate Asia, Australia and South America (38 % of the species). Most collections deposited in herbaria are from northern temperate to arctic-subarctic regions, which may reflect activities of lichenologists and mycologist dealing with lichenicolous fungi in general and Taeniolella in particular. Most lichenicolous Taeniolella species are confined to hosts of a single lichen genus or few closely allied genera (26 species, i.e. , 97 % of the lichenicolous species), but only three species, T. delicata , T. punctata , and T. verrucosa , have wider hosts ranges. Excluded, doubtful and insufficiently known species assigned to Taeniolella are listed at the end, discussed, described and in some cases illustrated, including Talpapellis beschiana comb. nov. (≡ Taeniolella beschiana ), Corynespora laevistipitata (≡ Taeniolella laevistipitata ), Stanjehughesia lignicola comb. nov. (≡ Taeniolella lignicola ), Sterigmatobotrys rudis (≡ Taeniolella rudis ), and Taeniolina scripta (≡ Taeniolella scripta ).

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