This study systematically evaluated substrate-dependent variations in yield, nutritional composition, mineral profiles, taste-active compounds, electronic tongue profile, and metabolome of A. bisporus cultivated on corn stover-based substrates (CM1, CM2, CM3) and wheat straw-based substrate (WM4). Corn stover-based substrates supported the cultivation of A. bisporus , yielding 20.56-25.63 kg/m 2 , comparable to WM4 (24.23 kg/m 2 ). Biological efficiency of the corn stover treatments ranged from 80.32% to 88.58%; CM1 and CM2 were comparable to WM4 (91.35%), whereas CM3 showed a significantly lower biological efficiency than WM4 ( p A. bisporus . These findings provide new insights into the compositional characteristics and quality formation of A. bisporus cultivated on corn stover-based substrates.

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Salinity severely inhibits growth and reduces yield of salt-sensitive plants like wheat, and this effect can be alleviated by plant growth regulators and phytohormones, among which abscisic acid (ABA) plays a central role in response to various stressful environments. ABA is highly photosensitive to light disruption, which this limits its application. Here, based on pyrabactin (a synthetic ABA agonist), we designed and synthesized a functional analog of ABA and named B2, then evaluated its role in salt resistance using winter wheat seedlings. The phenotypes showed that B2 significantly improved the salt tolerance of winter wheat seedlings by elevating the biomass. The physiological analysis found that B2 treatment reduced the generation rate of O 2 - , electrolyte leakage, the content of proline, and the accumulation of malonaldehyde (MDA) and H 2 O 2 and also significantly increased the contents of endogenous hormones zeatin riboside (ZA) and gibberellic acid (GA). Further biochemical analysis revealed that the activities of various antioxidant enzymes, including superoxide dismutase (SOD), peroxidase (POD), and ascorbate peroxidase (APX), were enhanced by B2, and the activities of antioxidase isozymes SOD3, POD1/2, and APX1/2 were particularly increased, largely resembling ABA treatment. The abiotic stress response-related gene TaSOS1 was significantly upregulated by B2, while the TaTIP2;2 gene was suppressed. In conclusion, an ABA analog B2 was capable to enhance salt stress tolerance in winter wheat seedlings by stimulating the antioxidant system, providing a novel regulator for better survival of crops in saline soils and improving crop yield.

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Astragalus membranaceus var. mongolicus (AMM) is an edible and medicinal material and is commonly used in East Asia. According to the pharmacopeia of China, the dried root of AMM is medicinal. However, the aerial parts of AMM are always directly discarded after harvest. The stems and leaves are also rich in active compounds, including saponins, flavonoids, terpenoids, and polysaccharides. To rationally use resources, waste products from AMM stems and leaves are useful substrates for edible fungus cultivation. Here, oyster mushroom ( Pleurotus ostreatus var. florida ) was cultivated on a basal substrate supplemented with AMM stems and leaves (AMM group). The nutritional and chemical composition of the fruiting body were analyzed by metabolomics and chemometrics. Our results showed that AMM addition to the substrate affected the fresh weight, moisture, fat, protein, and element concentrations, and amino acid composition of oyster mushroom. Moreover, 2,156 metabolites were detected and annotated based on the metabolomics data, of which 680 were identified as differentially expressed metabolites. Many active phytometabolites previously identified in AMM herbs were also detected in the metabolomics of oyster mushroom from AMM group, including 46 terpenoids, 21 flavonoids, 17 alkaloids, 14 phenylpropanoids, and 3 fatty acids. In summary, our results imply that oyster mushroom cultured with AMM stems and leaves might have very high nutritional therapy health care value.

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The invention relates to an anti-inflammatory agent containing at least one plant hydrolysate, in particular selected from the group Althaeae radix (marshmallow root), Angelica(e) dahurica (Siberian angelica), Angelica(e) sinensis (Chinese angelica), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Artemisia scoparia (red stem wormwood), Astragalus membranaceus (var. Mongolicus) (tragasanth root), Capsicum sp., Capsicum annuum (paprika), Centaurium erythraea (common centaury), Cistus incanus (rock rose), Echinacea angustifolia (coneflower), Echinacea purpurea (coneflower), Equiseti herba (horse tail), Galphimia glauca, Gentiana lutea L. (yellow gentian), Guaiacum officinalis, Hederae folium, Hedera helicis (ivy), Juglandis folium (walnut leaves), Leonurus japonicus (Chinese motherwort), Levisticum radix, Levisticum officinalis (lovage), Matricariae flos (or Flos chamomillae (camomile flowers)), Melia toosendan (Chinaberry fruit), Millefolii herba (yarrow), Olea europaea (olive), Pelargonium sp. (pelagornia), Phytolacca americana (pokeweed), Primulae flos, Primulae radix, Primula veris L. (primrose flower), Quercus cortex (oak bark), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rumicis herba (sorrel herb), Salix sp. (willow), Salvia miltiorrhiza (red sage), Sambucus nigra L. (black elderberry), Saposhnikovia divaricata (Siler), Scutellaria baicalensis (Baikal scullcap), Siegesbeckia pubescens (siegesbeckia herb), Taraxaci herba (dandelion herb), Thymus L. (thyme), Verbena officinalis L. (vervain), Vitex agnus castus (monk's pepper), Vitis vinifera (wine grapes).

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The invention relates to a detergent, cleaning agent or disinfectant containing at least one plant hydrolyzate, in particular selected from the group including Althaeae radix (marshmallow root), Angelica(e) dahurica (dahurian angelica), Angelica(e) sinensis (Chinese angelica), Armoracia rusticana (horseradish), Artemisia scoparia (redstem wormwood), Astragalus membranaceus (var. mongolicus) (Chinese milk vetch), Capsicum sp., Capsicum annuum (pepper), Centaurium erythraea (common centaury), Cistus incanus (hairy rockrose), Echinacea angustifolia (narrow-leaved purple coneflower), Echinacea purpurea (eastern purple coneflower), Equiseti herba (horsetail), Galphimia glauca, Gentiana lutea L. (great yellow gentian), Guaiacum officinalis, Hederae folium, Hedera helicis (ivy), Juglandis folium (walnut leaf), Leonurus japonicus (Chinese motherwort), Levesticum radix, Levisticum officinalis (lovage), Matricariae flos (or Flos chamomillae (chamomile flower)), Melia toosendan (chinaberry fruit), Millefolii herba (yarrow), Olea europaea (olive), Pelargonium sp. (geranium), Phytolacca americana (American pokeweed), Primulae flos, Primulae radix, Primula veris L. (cowslip), Quercus cortex (oak bark), Rosmarinus officinalis (rosemary), Rumicis herba (sorrel herb), Salix sp. (willow), Salvia miltiorrhiza (red sage), Sambucus nigra L. (black elder), Saposhnikovia divaricata (siler), Scutellaria baicalensis (Baikal skullcap), Siegesbeckia pubescens (Siegesbeckia), Taraxaci herba (dandelion root herb), Thymus L. (thyme), Verbena officinalis L. (vervain), Vitex agnus castus (monk's pepper),and Vitis vinifera (common grape vine).

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