Angiopteris weimingii , a morphologically distinct new species of Angiopteris (Marattiaceae) from southern Yunnan, China, is described. Compared with A. itoi , the new species can be distinguished by a taller habit (1.2-2.5 m vs. 0.5-1.5 m), a greater number of pinnae pairs (8-13 pairs vs. 4-9 pairs), a caudate tip (1 cm vs. 2-4 cm), the position of sori from the leaf margin (2 mm vs. 3-5 mm), spore color (yellow vs. white), and spore ornamentation (densely verrucate vs. clavate-echinate). Molecular phylogenetic analyses confirm its affinity with the Archangiopteris clade. With a single known population of approximately 30 adults and severe habitat destruction, the species is assessed as Critically Endangered (CR) under IUCN criteria.

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The scientific community is focusing on how to enhance human health and immunity through functional foods, and dietary supplements are proven to have a positive as well as a protective effect against infectious and chronic diseases. Ferns act as a taxonomical linkage between higher and lower plants and are endowed with a wide chemical diversity not subjected to sufficient scrutinization before. Even though a wealth of traditional medicinal fern uses were recorded in Chinese medicine, robust phytochemical and biological investigations of these plants are lacking. Herein, an extensive search was conducted using the keywords ferns and compounds, ferns and NMR, ferns and toxicity, and the terms ferns and chemistry, lignans, Polypodiaceae , NMR, isolation, bioactive compounds, terpenes, phenolics, phloroglucinols, monoterpenes, alkaloids, phenolics, and fatty acids were utilized with the Boolean operators AND, OR, and NOT. Databases such as PubMed, Web of Science, Science Direct, Scopus, Google Scholar, and Reaxys were utilized to reveal a wealth of information regarding fern chemistry and their health-promoting effects. Terpenes followed by phenolics represented the largest number of isolated active compounds. Regarding the neuroprotective effects, Psilotium , Polypodium, and Dryopteris species possessed as their major phenolics component unique chemical moieties including catechins, procyanidins, and bioflavonoids. In this updated chemical review, the pharmacological and chemical aspects of ferns are compiled manifesting their chemical diversity in the last seven years (2017-2024) together with a special focus on their nutritive and potential health-promoting effects.

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Angiopteris helferiana C.Presl is a gigantic fleshy-type fern, belonging to Marattiaceae family. In previous study, we reported the potent anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities of ethylacetate (EtOAc) and n -butanol (BuOH) fractions of methanol extract of rhizomes of A. helferiana . In continuation, in this study, we report the isolation, characterization, and bioactivity analysis of principle bioactive compounds in these fractions. (-)- epi -Osmundalactone ( 1 ) and angiopteroside ( 2 ) were isolated from EtOAc and BuOH fractions, respectively. The structures of these compounds were established on the basis of NMR spectroscopic data. The quantification study using UPLC revealed the contents of compounds 1 and 2 in the dried rhizome to be 1.54% and 3.2%, respectively. These compounds were evaluated for their anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory activities using 3T3-L1 and RAW 264.7 cells, respectively. Compound 1 (2.5 µg/mL) and 2 (20 µg/mL) inhibited the lipid production by 35% and 25%, respectively. Regarding the anti-inflammatory activity, compound 1 (5 µg/mL) inhibited the nitrite production by nearly 82%. In conclusion, the presence of potent anti-adipogenic and anti-inflammatory compounds in A. helferiana indicate its potential role in the use of herb-based treatment for obesity and other related diseases.

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Angiopterlactones A (1) and B (2), two unique lactones, and three known lactones, osmundalactone (3), osmundalin (4), and 3,5-dihydroxy-gamma-caprolactone (5), have been isolated from the rhizome of Angiopteris caudatiformis. The structures of 1 and 2 were determined by NMR and MS methods, and the structure of 2 was confirmed by X-ray crystallography. The absolute configurations of 1 and 2 were assigned by application of the CD excitation chirality method and the modified Mosher's method. Compound 1 was slightly cytotoxic against HeLa cells, with an IC(50) value of 68.8 microM, and compounds 3 and 4 showed moderate insect antifeeding activity against Plutella xylostella and Heliothis virescens.

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Cuticles of Christensenia aesculifolia, Marattia pellucida, Angiopteris caudatiformis and Archangiopteris henryi of Marattiales were examined by using light and scanning electron microscopes. The studies show common features among them such as the stomata which is found in the lower epidermis, the wavy anticlinal walls of the epidermmal cells and the cyclocytic stomatal type. The cyclocytic stomata is emphasized as a distinct characteristic in all genera of Marattiales, and considered as an important character of classification and systimatics in the order level.

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