The emergence of the antimicrobial resistance phenomena on and the harmful consequences of the use of antibiotics motivate the necessity of innovative antimicrobial therapies, while natural substances are considered a promising alternative. Rosmarin is an original plant compound listed among the hydroxycinnamic acids. This substance has been widely used to fight microbial pathology and chronic infections from microorganisms like bacteria, fungi and viruses. Also, various derivatives of rosmarinic acid, such as the propyl ester of rosmarinic acid, rosmarinic acid methyl ester or the hexyl ester of rosmarinic acid, have been synthesized chemically, which have been isolated as natural antimicrobial agents. Rosmarinic acid and its derivatives were combined with antibiotics to obtain a synergistic effect. This review reports on the antimicrobial effects of rosmarinic acid and its associated derivatives, both in their free form and in combination with other microbial pathogens, and mechanisms of action.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Polyphenolic acids are the widely occurring natural products in almost each herbal plant, among which rosmarinic acid (RA, C 18 H 16 O 8 ) is well-known, and is present in over 160 species belonging to many families, especially the Lamiaceae. Aside from this herbal ingredient, dozens of its natural derivatives have also been isolated and characterized from many natural plants. In recent years, with the increasing focus on the natural products as alternative treatments, a large number of pharmacological studies have been carried out to demonstrate the various biological activities of RA such as anti-inflammation, anti-oxidation, anti-diabetes, anti-virus, anti-tumor, neuroprotection, hepatoprotection, etc. In addition, investigations concerning its biosynthesis, extraction, analysis, clinical applications, and pharmacokinetics have also been performed. Although many achievements have been made in various research aspects, there still exist some problems or issues to be answered, especially its toxicity and bioavailability. Thus, we hope that in the case of natural products, the present review can not only provide a comprehensive understanding on RA covering its miscellaneous research fields, but also highlight some of the present issues and future perspectives worth investigating later, in order to help us utilize this polyphenolic acid more efficiently, widely, and safely.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Three new genera are described: Michener (Proteropinae), Bioalfa (Rogadinae), and Hermosomastax (Rogadinae). Keys are given for the New World genera of the following braconid subfamilies: Agathidinae, Braconinae, Cheloninae, Homolobinae, Hormiinae, Ichneutinae, Macrocentrinae, Orgilinae, Proteropinae, Rhysipolinae, and Rogadinae. In these subfamilies 416 species are described or redescribed. Most of the species have been reared and all but 13 are new to science. A consensus sequence of the COI barcodes possessed by each species is employed to diagnose the species, and this approach is justified in the introduction. Most descriptions consist of a lateral or dorsal image of the holotype, a diagnostic COI consensus barcode, the Barcode Index Number (BIN) code with a link to the Barcode of Life Database (BOLD), and the holotype specimen information required by the International Code of Zoological Nomenclature. The following species are treated and those lacking authorship are newly described here with authorship attributable to Sharkey except for the new species of Macrocentrinae which are by Sharkey & van Achterberg: AGATHIDINAE: Aerophiluspaulmarshi , Mesocoelusdavidsmithi , Neothlipsisbobkulai , Plesiocoelusvanachterbergi , Pneumagathiserythrogastra (Cameron, 1905), Therophilusbobwhartoni , T.donaldquickei , T.gracewoodae , T.maetoi , T.montywoodi , T.penteadodiasae , Zacremnopsbrianbrowni , Z.coatlicue Sharkey, 1990, Zacremnopscressoni (Cameron, 1887), Z.ekchuah Sharkey, 1990, Z.josefernandezi , Zelomorphasarahmeierottoae . BRACONINAE: Braconalejandromarini , B.alejandromasisi , B.alexamasisae , B.andresmarini , B.andrewwalshi , B.anniapicadoae , B.anniemoriceae , B.barryhammeli , B.bernardoespinozai , B.carlossanabriai , B.chanchini , B.christophervallei , B.erasmocoronadoi , B.eugeniephillipsae , B.federicomatarritai , B.frankjoycei , B.gerardovegai , B.germanvegai , B.isidrochaconi , B.jimlewisi , B.josejaramilloi , B.juanjoseoviedoi , B.juliodiazi , B.luzmariaromeroae , B.manuelzumbadoi , B.marialuisariasae , B.mariamartachavarriae , B.mariorivasi , B.melissaespinozae , B.nelsonzamorai , B.nicklaphami , B.ninamasisae , B.oliverwalshi , B.paulamarinae , B.rafamoralesi , B.robertofernandezi , B.rogerblancoi , B.ronaldzunigai , B.sigifredomarini , B.tihisiaboshartae , B.wilberthbrizuelai , Digonogastramontylloydi , D.montywoodi , D.motohasegawai , D.natwheelwrighti , D.nickgrishini . CHELONINAE: Adeliusadrianguadamuzi , A.gauldi Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, A.janzeni Shimbori & Shaw, 2019, Ascogastergloriasihezarae , A.grettelvegae , A.guillermopereirai , A.gustavoecheverrii , A.katyvandusenae , A.luisdiegogomezi , Chelonusalejandrozaldivari , C.gustavogutierrezi , C.gustavoinduni , C.harryramirezi , C.hartmanguidoi , C.hazelcambroneroae , C.iangauldi , C.isidrochaconi , C.janecheverriae , C.jeffmilleri , C.jennyphillipsae , C.jeremydewaardi , C.jessiehillae , C.jesusugaldei , C.jimlewisi , C.jimmilleri , C.jimwhitfieldi , C.johanvalerioi , C.johnburnsi , C.johnnoyesi , C.jorgebaltodanoi , C.jorgehernandezi , C.josealfredohernandezi , C.josefernandeztrianai , C.josehernandezcortesi , C.josemanuelperezi , C.josephinerodriguezae , C.juanmatai , C.junkoshimurae , C.kateperezae , C.luciariosae , C.luzmariaromeroae , C.manuelpereirai , C.manuelzumbadoi , C.marianopereirai , C.maribellealvarezae , C.markmetzi , C.markshawi , C.martajimenezae , C.mayrabonillae , C.meganmiltonae , C.melaniamunozae , C.michaelstroudi , C.michellevanderbankae , C.mingfangi , C.minorcarmonai , C.monikaspringerae , C.moniquegilbertae , C.motohasegawai , C.nataliaivanovae , C.nelsonzamorai , C.normwoodleyi , C.osvaldoespinozai , C.pamelacastilloae , C.paulgoldsteini , C.paulhansoni , C.paulheberti , C.petronariosae , C.ramyamanjunathae , C.randallgarciai , C.rebeccakittelae , C.robertoespinozai , C.robertofernandezi , C.rocioecheverriae , C.rodrigogamezi , C.ronaldzunigai , C.rosibelelizondoae , C.rostermoragai , C.ruthfrancoae , C.scottmilleri , C.scottshawi , C.sergioriosi , C.sigifredomarini , C.stevearonsoni , C.stevestroudi , C.sujeevanratnasinghami , C.sureshnaiki , C.torbjornekremi , C.yeimycedenoae , Leptodrepanaalexisae , L.erasmocoronadoi , L.felipechavarriai , L.freddyquesadai , L.gilbertfuentesi , L.manuelriosi , Phanerotomaalmasolisae , P.alvaroherrerai , P.anacordobae , P.anamariamongeae , P.andydeansi , P.angelagonzalezae , P.angelsolisi , P.barryhammeli , P.bernardoespinozai , P.calixtomoragai , P.carolinacanoae , P.christerhanssoni , P.christhompsoni , P.davesmithi , P.davidduthiei , P.dirksteinkei , P.donquickei , P.duniagarciae , P.duvalierbricenoi , P.eddysanchezi , P.eldarayae , P.eliethcantillanoae , P.jenopappi , Pseudophanerotomaalanflemingi , Ps.albanjimenezi , Ps.alejandromarini , Ps.alexsmithi , Ps.allisonbrownae , Ps.bobrobbinsi . HOMOLOBINAE: Exasticolusjennyphillipsae , E.randallgarciai , E.robertofernandezi , E.sigifredomarini , E.tomlewinsoni . HORMIINAE: Hormiusanamariamongeae , H.angelsolisi , H.anniapicadoae , H.arthurchapmani , H.barryhammeli , H.carmenretanae , H.carloswalkeri , H.cesarsuarezi , H.danbrooksi , H.eddysanchezi , H.erikframstadi , H.georgedavisi , H.grettelvegae , H.gustavoinduni , H.hartmanguidoi , H.hectoraritai , H.hesiquiobenitezi , H.irenecanasae , H.isidrochaconi, H.jaygallegosi , H.jimbeachi , H.jimlewisi , H.joelcracrafti , H.johanvalerioi , H.johnburleyi , H.joncoddingtoni , H.jorgecarvajali , H.juanmatai , H.manuelzumbadoi , H.mercedesfosterae , H.modonnellyae , H.nelsonzamorai , H.pamelacastilloae , H.raycypessi , H.ritacolwellae , H.robcolwelli , H.rogerblancosegurai , H.ronaldzunigai , H.russchapmani , H.virginiaferrisae , H.warrenbrighami , H.willsflowersi . ICHNEUTINAE: Oligoneuruskriskrishtalkai , O.jorgejimenezi , Paroligoneuruselainehoaglandae , P.julianhumphriesi , P.mikeiviei . MACROCENTRINAE: Austrozelejorgecampabadali , A.jorgesoberoni , Dolichozelegravitarsis (Muesebeck, 1938), D.josefernandeztrianai , D.josephinerodriguezae , Hymenochaoniakalevikulli , H.kateperezae , H.katherinebaillieae , H.katherineellisonae , H.katyvandusenae , H.kazumifukunagae , H.keithlangdoni , H.keithwillmotti , H.kenjinishidai , H.kimberleysheldonae , H.krisnorvigae , H.lilianamadrigalae , H.lizlangleyae , Macrocentrusfredsingeri , M.geoffbarnardi , M.gregburtoni , M.gretchendailyae , M.grettelvegae , M.gustavogutierrezi , M.hannahjamesae , M.harisridhari , M.hillaryrosnerae , M.hiroshikidonoi , M.iangauldi , M.jennyphillipsae , M.jesseausubeli , M.jessemaysharkae , M.jimwhitfieldi , M.johnbrowni , M.johnburnsi , M.jonathanfranzeni , M.jonathanrosenbergi , M.jorgebaltodanoi , M.lucianocapelli . ORGILINAE: Orgilusamyrossmanae , O.carrolyoonae , O.christhompsoni , O.christinemcmahonae , O.dianalipscombae , O.ebbenielsoni , O.elizabethpennisiae , O.evertlindquisti , O.genestoermeri , O.jamesriegeri , O.jeanmillerae , O.jeffmilleri , O.jerrypowelli , O.jimtiedjei , O.johnlundbergi , O.johnpipolyi , O.jorgellorentei , O.larryspearsi , O.marlinricei , O.mellissaespinozae , O.mikesmithi , O.normplatnicki , O.peterrauchi , O.richardprimacki , O.sandraberriosae , O.sarahmirandae , O.scottmilleri , O.scottmorii , Stantoniabillalleni , S.brookejarvisae , S.donwilsoni , S.erikabjorstromae , S.garywolfi , S.henrikekmani , S.luismirandai , S.miriamzunzae , S.quentinwheeleri , S.robinkazmierae , S.ruthtifferae . PROTEROPINAE: Hebichneutestricolor Sharkey & Wharton, 1994, Proteropsiangauldi , P.vickifunkae , Michenercharlesi . RHYSIPOLINAE: Pseudorhysipolisluisfonsecai , P. mailyngonzalezaeRhysipolisjulioquirosi . ROGADINAE: Aleiodesadrianaradulovae , A.adrianforsythi , A.agnespeelleae , A.alaneaglei , A.alanflemingi , A.alanhalevii , A.alejandromasisi , A.alessandracallejae , A.alexsmithi , A.alfonsopescadori , A.alisundermieri , A.almasolisae , A.alvarougaldei , A.alvaroumanai , A.angelsolisi , A.annhowdenae , A.bobandersoni , A.carolinagodoyae , A.charlieobrieni , A.davefurthi , A.donwhiteheadi , A.doylemckeyi , A.frankhovorei , A.henryhowdeni , A.inga Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A.johnchemsaki , A.johnkingsolveri , A.gonodontovorus Shimbori & Shaw, 2020, A.manuelzumbadoi , A.mayrabonillae , A.michelledsouzae , A.mikeiviei , A.normwoodleyi , A.pammitchellae , A.pauljohnsoni , A.rosewarnerae , A.steveashei , A.terryerwini , A.willsflowersi , Bioalfapedroleoni , B.alvarougaldei , B.rodrigogamezi , Choreborogasandydeansi , C.eladiocastroi , C.felipechavarriai , C.frankjoycei , Clinocentrusandywarreni , Cl.angelsolisi , Cystomastaxalexhausmanni , Cy.angelagonzalezae , Cy.ayaigarashiae , Hermosomastaxclavifemorus Quicke sp. nov., Heterogamusdonstonei , Pseudoyeliconesbernsweeneyi , Stiropiusbencrairi , S.berndkerni , S.edgargutierrezi , S.edwilsoni , S.ehakernae , Triraphisbillfreelandi , T.billmclarneyi , T.billripplei , T.bobandersoni , T.bobrobbinsi , T.bradzlotnicki , T.brianbrowni , T.brianlaueri , T.briannestjacquesae , T.camilocamargoi , T.carlosherrerai , T.carolinepalmerae , T.charlesmorrisi , T.chigiybinellae , T.christerhanssoni , T.christhompsoni , T.conniebarlowae , T.craigsimonsi , T.defectus Valerio, 2015, T.danielhubi , T.davidduthiei , T.davidwahli , T.federicomatarritai , T.ferrisjabri , T.mariobozai , T.martindohrni , T.matssegnestami , T.mehrdadhajibabaei , T.ollieflinti , T.tildalauerae , Yeliconesdirksteinkei , Y.markmetzi , Y.monserrathvargasae , Y.tricolor Quicke, 1996. Y.woldai Quicke, 1996. The following new combinations are proposed: Neothlipsissmithi (Ashmead), new combination for Microdussmithi Ashmead, 1894; Neothlipsispygmaeus (Enderlein), new combination for Microduspygmaeus Enderlein, 1920; Neothlipsisunicinctus (Ashmead), new combination for Microdusunicinctus Ashmead, 1894; Therophilusanomalus (Bortoni and Penteado-Dias) new combination for Plesiocoelusanomalus Bortoni and Penteado-Dias, 2015; Aerophilusareolatus (Bortoni and Penteado-Dias) new combination for Plesiocoelusareolatus Bortoni and Penteado-Dias, 2015; Pneumagathiserythrogastra (Cameron) new combination for Agathiserythrogastra Cameron, 1905. Dolichozelecitreitarsis (Enderlein), new combination for Paniscozelecitreitarsis Enderlein, 1920. Dolichozelefuscivertex (Enderlein) new combination for Paniscozelefuscivertex Enderlein, 1920. Finally, Bassusbrooksi Sharkey, 1998 is synonymized with Agathiserythrogastra Cameron, 1905; Paniscozelegriseipes Enderlein, 1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelekoebelei Viereck, 1911; Paniscozelecarinifrons Enderlein, 1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelefuscivertex (Enderlein, 1920); and Paniscozelenigricauda Enderlein,1920 is synonymized with Dolichozelequaestor (Fabricius, 1804). (originally described as Ophionquaestor Fabricius, 1804).

Makaleyi görüntüle

Objective The aim of the present review is to give an overview about the role, biosynthesis, and characteristics of Podophyllotoxin (PTOX) as a potential antitumor agent with particular emphasis on key biosynthesis processes, function of related enzymes and characterization of genes encoding the enzymes. Materials and methods Google scholar, PubMed and Scopus were searched for literatures which have studied identification, characterization, fermentation and therapeutic effects of PTOX and published in English language until end of 2016. Results PTOX is an important plant-derived natural product, has derivatives such as etoposide and teniposide, which have been used as therapies for cancers and venereal wart. PTOX structure is closely related to the aryltetralin lactone lignans that have antineoplastic and antiviral activities. Podophyllum emodi Wall. (syn. P. hexandrum ) and Podophyllum peltatum L. (Berberidaceae) are the major sources of PTOX. It has been shown that ferulic acid and methylenedioxy substituted cinnamic acid are the enzymes involved in PTOX synthesis. PTOX prevents cell growth via polymerization of tubulin, leading to cell cycle arrest and suppression of the formation of the mitotic-spindles microtubules. Conclusion Several investigations have been performed in biosynthesis of PTOX such as cultivation of these plants, though they were unsuccessful. Thus, it is important to find alternative sources to satisfy the pharmaceutical demand for PTOX. Moreover, further preclinical studies are warranted to explore the molecular mechanisms of these agents in treatment of cancer and their possible potential to overcome chemoresistance of tumor cells.

Makaleyi görüntüle

Two new (1 and 2) and four known arylnaphthalene lignan lactones (3-6) were isolated from different plant parts of Phyllanthus poilanei collected in Vietnam, with two further known analogues (7 and 8) being prepared from phyllanthusmin C (4). The structures of the new compounds were determined by interpretation of their spectroscopic data and by chemical methods, and the structure of phyllanthusmin D (1) was confirmed by single-crystal X-ray diffraction analysis. Several of these arylnaphthalene lignan lactones were cytotoxic toward HT-29 human colon cancer cells, with compounds 1 and 7-O-[(2,3,4-tri-O-acetyl)-α-L-arabinopyranosyl)]diphyllin (7) found to be the most potent, exhibiting IC50 values of 170 and 110 nM, respectively. Compound 1 showed activity when tested in an in vivo hollow fiber assay using HT-29 cells implanted in immunodeficient NCr nu/nu mice. Mechanistic studies showed that this compound mediated its cytotoxic effects by inducing tumor cell apoptosis through activation of caspase-3, but it did not inhibit DNA topoisomerase IIα activity.

Makaleyi görüntüle