Silver nanoparticles (AgNPs) are increasingly recognized as active elicitors capable of modulating plant growth and metabolism. This study evaluated the effects of AgNPs (1.0-50.0 mg/L) on in vitro shoot cultures of Clinopodium nepeta subsp. spruneri (Boiss.) Bartolucci & F. Conti (Lamiaceae). AgNP exposure significantly reduced shoot length, leaf and node numbers, and completely suppressed root formation, while biomass accumulation increased in a concentration-dependent manner. High-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) identified rosmarinic acid (RA) as the major phenolic, with levels rising 2.5- to 4.5-fold in treated shoots compared with control and wild plants. The maximum RA content, total phenolic concentration, antioxidant activity (DPPH and FRAP), and acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibition were observed at 20.0 mg/L AgNP. In contrast, the highest flavonoid content was recorded in the wild plant. Gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS) analysis revealed that isoeugenol dominated in AgNP-treated cultures, while menthalactone was the principal constituent in both control and wild samples. These findings demonstrate that AgNPs substantially alter the metabolic profile of C. nepeta subsp. spruneri, highlighting their potential as elicitors for enhancing phenolic accumulation, antioxidant activity, and enzyme inhibition under in vitro conditions.

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The year 2020 became the year of the outbreak of coronavirus, SARS-CoV-2, which escalated into a worldwide pandemic and continued into 2021. One of the unique symptoms of the SARS-CoV-2 disease, COVID-19, is the loss of chemical senses, i.e., smell and taste. Smell training is one of the methods used in facilitating recovery of the olfactory sense, and it uses essential oils of lemon, rose, clove, and eucalyptus. These essential oils were not selected based on their chemical constituents. Although scientific studies have shown that they improve recovery, there may be better combinations for facilitating recovery. Many phytochemicals have bioactive properties with anti-inflammatory and anti-viral effects. In this review, we describe the chemical compounds with anti- inflammatory and anti-viral effects, and we list the plants that contain these chemical compounds. We expand the review from terpenes to the less volatile flavonoids in order to propose a combination of essential oils and diets that can be used to develop a new taste training method, as there has been no taste training so far. Finally, we discuss the possible use of these in clinical settings.

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Background The aim of this study was to investigate the in vitro antioxidant activity of Satureja macrostema (Moc. and Sessé ex Benth.) Briq. (Lamiaceae) essential oil, a Mexican medicinal plant known as nurite. Materials and methods Fresh aerial parts of S. macrostema plants cultivated in greenhouse for 3 months were subjected to hydrodistillation in a Clevenger apparatus to obtain essential oil. Volatile compounds were identified by gas chromatography (GC) and GC/mass spectrometry. Antioxidant effectiveness of essential oil and its major terpenes of S. macrostema was examined by three different radical scavenging methods: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl (DPPH), 2,2'-azinobis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS), and total antioxidant capacity (TAC). The concentrations tested were 0.001, 0.01, 0.1, and 1 mg/mL. Results The major volatile compounds were caryophyllene, limonene, linalool, pulegone, menthone, and thymol. S. macrostema essential oil showed the highest free radical scavenging activity with DPPH and ABTS methods (53.10% and 92.12%, respectively) at 1 mg/mL and 98% with TAC method at 0.1 mg/mL. Thymol exerted the highest antioxidant capacity with 0.1 mg/mL, reaching 83.38%, 96.96%, and 98.57% by DPPH, ABTS, and TAC methods. Caryophyllene, limonene, linalool, pulegone, and menthone exhibited an antioxidant capacity Conclusion The essential oil of S. macrostema and thymol showed a free radical scavenging activity close to that of the synthetic butylated hydroxytoluene. Summary The major volatile compounds of essential oil of Satureja macrostema were caryophyllene, limonene, linalool, pulegone, menthone and thymolThe essential oil of S. macrostema showed a high free radical scavengingThymol exerted the highest antioxidant capacity by DPPH, ABTS and TAC methods. Abbreviations used: GC: Gas Chromatography; DPPH: 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl; ABTS: 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid; TAC: Total antioxidant capacity.

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The leaf oils of Satureja odora (Gris.) Epl. and S. parvifolia (Phil.) Epl. (Lamiaceae), two endemic species of Argentina, were investigated by GC and GC/MS. Both species showed great difference in their composition, the main compounds being pulegone (61.5%) in S. odora and carvacrol (34.0%), carvacryl acetate (14.7%), p-cymene (14.0%) and gamma-terpinene (11.3%) in S. parvifolia.

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The essential oils obtained by hydrodistillation from Satureja odora and Satureja parvifolia growing in Cordoba (Argentina), were analyzed by GC/MS. S. odora oil was found to contain isoeugenol (10.50%), cedrol (10.53%), pulegone (20.95%) and pipertione (27.58%) as the major components, whereas pipertone oxide (30.07%), menthol (20.20%) and piperitenone oxide (15.01%) were found to dominate S. parvifolia oil.

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